Lunar geologic timescale
Millions of years before present
The lunar geological periods are named after their characteristic features, from most impact craters outside the dark mare, to the mare and later craters, and finally the young, still bright and therefore readily visible craters with ray systems like Copernicus or Tycho.
Isotope dating of lunar samples suggests the Moon formed around 50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.[36][37] Historically, several formation mechanisms have been proposed,[38] but none satisfactorily explains the features of the Earth–Moon system. A fission of the Moon from Earth's crust through centrifugal force[39] would require too great an initial rotation rate of Earth.[40] Gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon[41] depends on an unfeasibly extended atmosphere of Earth to dissipate the energy of the passing Moon.[40] A co-formation of Earth and the Moon together in the primordial accretion disk does not explain the depletion of metals in the Moon.[40] None of these hypotheses can account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system.[42]
The prevailing theory is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a giant impact of a Mars-sized body (named Theia) with the proto-Earth. The oblique impact blasted material into orbit about the Earth and the material accreted and formed the Moon[43][44] just beyond the Earth's Roche limit of ~2.56 R🜨.[45]
Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations of giant impacts have produced results that are consistent with the mass of the lunar core and the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system. These simulations show that most of the Moon derived from the impactor, rather than the proto-Earth.[46] However, models from 2007 and later suggest a larger fraction of the Moon derived from the proto-Earth.[47][48][49][50] Other bodies of the inner Solar System such as Mars and Vesta have, according to meteorites from them, very different oxygen and tungsten isotopic compositions compared to Earth. However, Earth and the Moon have nearly identical isotopic compositions. The isotopic equalization of the Earth-Moon system might be explained by the post-impact mixing of the vaporized material that formed the two,[51] although this is debated.[52]
The impact would have released enough energy to liquefy both the ejecta and the Earth's crust, forming a magma ocean. The liquefied ejecta could have then re-accreted into the Earth–Moon system.[53][54] The newly formed Moon would have had its own magma ocean; its depth is estimated from about 500 km (300 miles) to 1,737 km (1,079 miles).[53]
While the giant-impact theory explains many lines of evidence, some questions are still unresolved, most of which involve the Moon's composition.[55] Models that have the Moon acquiring a significant amount of the proto-earth are more difficult to reconcile with geochemical data for the isotopes of zirconium, oxygen, silicon, and other elements.[56] A study published in 2022, using high-resolution simulations (up to 108 particles), found that giant impacts can immediately place a satellite with similar mass and iron content to the Moon into orbit far outside Earth's Roche limit. Even satellites that initially pass within the Roche limit can reliably and predictably survive, by being partially stripped and then torqued onto wider, stable orbits.[57]
On November 1, 2023, scientists reported that, according to computer simulations, remnants of Theia could still be present inside the Earth.[58][59]
The newly formed Moon settled into a much closer Earth orbit than it has today. Each body therefore appeared much larger in the sky of the other, eclipses were more frequent, and tidal effects were stronger.[60] Due to tidal acceleration, the Moon's orbit around Earth has become significantly larger, with a longer period.[61]
Following formation, the Moon has cooled and most of its atmosphere has been stripped.[62] The lunar surface has since been shaped by large impact events and many small ones, forming a landscape featuring craters of all ages.
The Moon was volcanically active until 1.2 billion years ago, which laid down the prominent lunar maria. Most of the mare basalts erupted during the Imbrian period, 3.3–3.7 billion years ago, though some are as young as 1.2 billion years[63] and some as old as 4.2 billion years.[64] There are differing explanations for the eruption of mare basalts, particularly their uneven occurrence which mainly appear on the near-side. Causes of the distribution of the lunar highlands on the far side are also not well understood. Topological measurements show the near side crust is thinner than the far side. One possible scenario then is that large impacts on the near side may have made it easier for lava to flow onto the surface.[65]
Worshiping the Moon
According to the legend of Mid-Autumn Festival, a fairy maiden named Chang'e lives on the moon with a cute rabbit. On the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival, people set a table under the moon with mooncakes, snacks, fruits, and a pair of candles lit on it. Some believe that by worshiping the moon, Chang'e (the moon goddess) may fulfill their wishes.
Modern culture representation
The perception of the Moon in modern times has been informed by telescope enabled modern astronomy and later by spaceflight enabled actual human activity at the Moon, particularly the culturally impactful lunar landings. These new insights inspired cultural references, connecting romantic reflections about the Moon[343] and speculative fiction such as science-fiction dealing with the Moon.[342][344]
Contemporarily the Moon has been seen as a place for economic expansion into space, with missions prospecting for lunar resources. This has been accompanied with renewed public and critical reflection on humanity's cultural and legal relation to the celestial body, especially regarding colonialism,[285] as in the 1970 poem "Whitey on the Moon". In this light the Moon's nature has been invoked,[316] particularly for lunar conservation[287] and as a common.[345][310][318]
In 2021 20 July, the date of the first crewed Moon landing, became the annual International Moon Day.[346]
The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. The Moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality; the words lunacy and lunatic are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, Luna. Philosophers Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.[347] Even today, people who believe in a lunar effect claim that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, but dozens of studies invalidate these claims.[347][348][349][350][351]
Coordination and regulation
Increasing human activity at the Moon has raised the need for coordination to safeguard international and commercial lunar activity. Issues from cooperation to mere coordination, through for example the development of a shared Lunar time, have been raised.
In particular the establishment of an international or United Nations regulatory regime for lunar human activity has been called for by the Moon Treaty and suggested through an Implementation Agreement,[265][267] but remains contentious. Current lunar programs are multilateral, with the US-led Artemis program and the China-led International Lunar Research Station. For broader international cooperation and coordination the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG), the Moon Village Association (MVA) and more generally the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) has been established.
Since pre-historic times people have taken note of the Moon's phases and its waxing and waning cycle, and used it to keep record of time. Tally sticks, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.[221][321][322] The counting of the days between the Moon's phases gave eventually rise to generalized time periods of lunar cycles as months, and possibly of its phases as weeks.[323]
The words for the month in a range of different languages carry this relation between the period of the month and the Moon etymologically. The English month as well as moon, and its cognates in other Indo-European languages (e.g. the Latin mensis and Ancient Greek μείς (meis) or μήν (mēn), meaning "month")[324][325][326][327] stem from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root of moon, *méh1nōt, derived from the PIE verbal root *meh1-, "to measure", "indicat[ing] a functional conception of the Moon, i.e. marker of the month" (cf. the English words measure and menstrual).[328][329][330] To give another example from a different language family, the Chinese language uses the same word (月) for moon as well as for month, which furthermore can be found in the symbols for the word week (星期).
This lunar timekeeping gave rise to the historically dominant, but varied, lunisolar calendars. The 7th-century Islamic calendar is an example of a purely lunar calendar, where months are traditionally determined by the visual sighting of the hilal, or earliest crescent moon, over the horizon.[331]
Of particular significance has been the occasion of full moon, highlighted and celebrated in a range of calendars and cultures, an example being the Buddhist Vesak. The full moon around the southern or northern autumnal equinox is often called the harvest moon and is celebrated with festivities such as the Harvest Moon Festival of the Chinese lunar calendar, its second most important celebration after the Chinese lunisolar Lunar New Year.[332]
Furthermore, association of time with the Moon can also be found in religion, such as the ancient Egyptian temporal and lunar deity Khonsu.
Cultural representation
Since prehistoric times humans have depicted and later described their perception of the Moon and its importance for them and their cosmologies. It has been characterized and associated in many different ways, from having a spirit or being a deity, and an aspect thereof or an aspect in astrology.
For the representation of the Moon, especially its lunar phases, the crescent (🌙) has been a recurring symbol in a range of cultures since at least 3,000 BCE or possibly earlier with bull horns dating to the earliest cave paintings at 40,000 BP.[220][226] In writing systems such as Chinese the crescent has developed into the symbol 月, the word for Moon, and in ancient Egyptian it was the symbol 𓇹, meaning Moon and spelled like the ancient Egyptian lunar deity Iah,[334] which the other ancient Egyptian lunar deities Khonsu and Thoth were associated with.
Iconographically the crescent was used in Mesopotamia as the primary symbol of Nanna/Sîn,[224] the ancient Sumerian lunar deity,[335][224] who was the father of Inanna/Ishtar, the goddess of the planet Venus (symbolized as the eight pointed Star of Ishtar),[335][224] and Utu/Shamash, the god of the Sun (symbolized as a disc, optionally with eight rays),[335][224] all three often depicted next to each other. Nanna/Sîn is, like some other lunar deities, for example Iah and Khonsu of ancient Egypt, Mene/Selene of ancient Greece and Luna of ancient Rome, depicted as a horned deity, featuring crescent shaped headgears or crowns.[336][337]
The particular arrangement of the crescent with a star known as the star and crescent (☪️) goes back to the Bronze Age, representing either the Sun and Moon, or the Moon and the planet Venus, in combination. It came to represent the selene goddess Artemis, and via the patronage of Hecate, which as triple deity under the epithet trimorphos/trivia included aspects of Artemis/Diana, came to be used as a symbol of Byzantium, with Virgin Mary (Queen of Heaven) later taking her place, becoming depicted in Marian veneration on a crescent and adorned with stars. Since then the heraldric use of the star and crescent proliferated, Byzantium's symbolism possibly influencing the development of the Ottoman flag, specifically the combination of the Turkish crescent with a star,[338] and becoming a popular symbol for Islam (as the hilal of the Islamic calendar) and for a range of nations.[339]
The features of the Moon, the contrasting brighter highlands and darker maria, have been seen by different cultures forming abstract shapes. Such shapes are among others the Man in the Moon (e.g. Coyolxāuhqui) or the Moon Rabbit (e.g. the Chinese Tu'er Ye or in Indigenous American mythologies the aspect of the Mayan Moon goddess, from which possibly Awilix is derived, or of Metztli/Tēcciztēcatl).[333]
Occasionally some lunar deities have been also depicted driving a chariot across the sky, such as the Hindu Chandra/Soma, the Greek Artemis, which is associated with Selene, or Luna, Selene's ancient Roman equivalent.
Color and material wise the Moon has been associated in Western alchemy with silver, while gold is associated with the Sun.[340]
Through a miracle, the so-called splitting of the Moon (Arabic: انشقاق القمر) in Islam, association with the Moon applies also to Muhammad.[341]
History of exploration and human presence
Mid-Autumn Festival Greetings: Happy Mid-Autumn Festival!...
Mid-Autumn Festival is a time of good will. Many Chinese people send Mid-Autumn Festival cards or short messages during the festival to express their best wishes to family and friends.
The most popular greeting is "Happy Mid-Autumn Festival", in Chinese 中秋节快乐 — 'Zhongqiu Jie kuaile!'.
Other popular sayings are usually related to the moon or reunion. For example:
'Wishing us a long life to share the graceful moonlight, though hundreds of miles apart.' 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟 Dàn yuàn rén chángjiǔ, qiānlǐ gòng chánjuān
'Happy Mid-Autumn Festival! May the round moon bring you a happy family and a successful future.' 祝福中秋佳节快乐，月圆人圆事事圆满. Zhùfú Zhōngqiū jiā jié kuàilè, yuè yuán rén yuán shìshì yuánmǎn.
Check out more on Popular Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival Greetings/Wishes.
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. Tidal forces between Earth and the Moon have synchronized the Moon's orbital period (lunar month) with its rotation period (lunar day) at 29.5 Earth days, causing the same side of the Moon to always face Earth. The Moon's gravitational pull—and, to a lesser extent, the Sun's—are the main drivers of Earth's tides.
In geophysical terms, the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the United States from coast to coast). Within the Solar System, it is the largest and most massive satellite in relation to its parent planet, the fifth largest and most massive moon overall, and larger and more massive than all known dwarf planets.[17] Its surface gravity is about one sixth of Earth's, about half of that of Mars, and the second highest among all Solar System moons, after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with no significant hydrosphere, atmosphere, or magnetic field. It formed 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation, out of the debris from a giant impact between Earth and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called Theia.
The lunar surface is covered in lunar dust and marked by mountains, impact craters, their ejecta, ray-like streaks, rilles and, mostly on the near side of the Moon, by dark maria ("seas"), which are plains of cooled lava. These maria were formed when molten lava flowed into ancient impact basins. The Moon is, except when passing through Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse, always illuminated by the Sun, but from Earth the visible illumination shifts during its orbit, producing the lunar phases.[18] The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky. This is mainly due to its large angular diameter, while the reflectance of the lunar surface is comparable to that of asphalt. The apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun completely during a total solar eclipse. From Earth about 59% of the lunar surface is visible over time due to cyclical shifts in perspective (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.
The Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge for humans, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science, and spaceflight. The first human-made objects to fly to an extraterrestrial body were sent to the Moon, starting in 1959 with the flyby of the Soviet Union's Luna 1 and the intentional impact of Luna 2. In 1966, the first soft landing (by Luna 9) and orbital insertion (by Luna 10) followed. On July 20, 1969, humans for the first time stepped on an extraterrestrial body, landing on the Moon at Mare Tranquillitatis with the lander Eagle of the United States' Apollo 11 mission. Five more crews were sent between then and 1972, each with two men landing on the surface. The longest stay was 75 hours by the Apollo 17 crew. Since then, exploration of the Moon has continued robotically, and crewed missions are being planned to return beginning in the late 2020s.
The usual English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply Moon, with a capital M.[19][20] The noun moon is derived from Old English mōna, which (like all its Germanic cognates) stems from Proto-Germanic *mēnōn,[21] which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *mēnsis 'month'[22] (from earlier *mēnōt, genitive *mēneses) which may be related to the verb 'measure' (of time).[23]
Occasionally, the name Luna is used in scientific writing[24] and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of the Moon.[25] Cynthia is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess,[26] while Selene (literally 'Moon') is the Greek goddess of the Moon.
The English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, derived from the Latin word for the Moon, lūna. Selenian [27] is an adjective used to describe the Moon as a world, rather than as a celestial object,[28] but its use is rare. It is derived from σελήνη selēnē, the Greek word for the Moon, and its cognate selenic was originally a rare synonym[29] but now nearly always refers to the chemical element selenium.[30] The element name selenium and the prefix seleno- (as in selenography, the study of the physical features of the Moon) come from this Greek word.[31][32]
Artemis, the Greek goddess of the wilderness and the hunt, came to also be identified as the goddess of the Moon (Selene) and was sometimes called Cynthia, after her birthplace on Mount Cynthus.[33] Her Roman equivalent is Diana. The names Luna, Cynthia, and Selene are reflected in technical terms for lunar orbits such as apolune, pericynthion and selenocentric.
The astronomical symbol for the Moon is a crescent\decrescent, \, for example in M☾ 'lunar mass' (also ML).
The Mid-Autumn Festival in America
The Mid-Autumn Festival is widely celebrated in the Asian American community. Asian Americans United (AAU) organizes a parade in Philadelphia around the Mid-Autumn Festival every year, including many activities, such as lion and dragon dancing, lantern decorations, Chinese operas, kung fu demonstrations, a mooncake-eating contest, and arts activities. This carnival attracts thousands of people who gather on the streets to participate in the activities.
In New York City, the Museum of Chinese in America holds mooncake-making sessions and drop-in arts and crafts to celebrate for an afternoon every year. In 2023, it will be free for everyone on September 30th. There will also be a full-moon-themed party with dance music and concerts on Saturday, September 23rd in Brooklyn.
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-- Perayaan Holi menjadi citra yang paling melekat dengan India di iklan-iklan, film, serta video musik. Masyarakat yang datang dari seluruh penjuru negeri bernyanyi, menari, dan menebarkan serbuk dan air berwarna pada kawan dan keluarga mereka.
Merek-merek terkenal seperti Sony dan Canon juga menggunakan festival ini untuk mengampanyekan produk mereka. Baru-baru ini British Airways juga ikut terlibat dengan awak pesawat merayakan festival itu di beberapa kota di India.
Bahkan Chris Martin dari grup musik Coldplay menggunakan tradisi Holi tersebut dalam video musik
, meski dalam prosesnya ia membuat kesal beberapa pihak.
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Namun sebelum Anda turut terlibat dalam keriaan ini, Anda sebaiknya menjawab beberapa pertanyaan ini: Apa itu Holi? Dan mengapa orang India merayakannya?
Di beberapa tempat di India, festival Holi bisa berlangsung hingga satu pekan. (REUTERS/Rupak De Chowdhuri)
Holi adalah festival di agama Hindu yang menandakan dimulainya musim semi.
Dirayakan di seluruh India, festival ini telah berlangsung ratusan tahun dengan jejak pertama ditemukan pada puisi yang diciptakan di abad keempat.
Bahkan festival ini dicantumkan dalam naskah drama Sanskerta di abad ke-7 berjudul "Ratnavali", yang ditulis oleh kaisar India, Harsha.
"Saksikan keindahan festival cinta yang memantik rasa ingin tahu ketika para penduduk kota berdansa tersentuh percikan air berwarna coklat. Segalanya berwarna kuning kemerah-merahan dan menjadi tertutup oleh serbuk wangi yang ditiupkan ke seluruh penjuru," demikian ujar Harsha.
Meski pada mulanya adalah festival di agama Hindu, Holi dirayakan oleh seluruh penduduk India dan juga jadi perekat kebersamaan. Anak-anak bisa bermain air dengan orangtua, perempuan menebarkan serbuk warna pada pria, dan untuk sesaat sistem kasta dan sekat-sekat masyarakat jadi terlupakan.
Malamnya, penduduk India menghabiskan waktu bersama kawan dan keluarga.
Festival ini juga menjadi libur nasional yang biasanya bertepatan dengan hari terakhir purnama dalam kalender Hindu, yang sering kali jatuh pada Maret.
Pada tahun ini, libur nasional dirayakan pada Jumat, 2 Maret.
Festivalnya sendiri berlangsung sehari sebelumnya di Bengal Barat dan Odisha, sementara di daerah Uttar Pradesh bisa berjalan selama sepekan.
Ketika festival Holi berlangsung, penduduk India saling melemparkan serbuk dan air berwarna pada orang-orang terkasih. (Ahmad Masood)
Akar dari festival ini terletak pada legenda di agama Hindu yaitu Holika, setan perempuan yang juga saudari dari raja Hiranyakashayap.
Hiranyakashayap meyakini bahwa dia adalah penguasa dunia dan juga lebih tinggi dari dewa-dewa lain. Namun putranya, Prahlad, lebih memilih untuk mengikuti dewa Wishnu, pelindung alam semesta. Keputusan Prahlad mengkhianati ayahnya membuat Hiranyakashayap bersama Holika merencanakan pembunuhan Prahlad.
Rencana itu semula tampak tanpa celah; Holika akan membawa Prahlad dalam pangkuannya dan kemudian membawanya ke perapian. Holika sendiri tidak akan terluka karena ia membawa kain yang akan melindunginya dari jilat api.
Namun rencana itu gagal. Prahlad diselamatkan Wishnu dan Holika tewas karena kekebalannya pada api hanya berlaku jika dia sendirian.
Wishnu kemudian membunuh Hiranyakashayap dan Prahlad pun mengambil alih tampuk mahkota.
Pesan dari kisah ini adalah kebaikan selalu mengalahkan kejahatan.
Tradisi melemparkan serbuk berwarna diyakini bermula dari kisah cinta antara dewa Khrisna dan Radha. (REUTERS/Adnan Abidi)
Di era modern, kremasi Holika direka ulang dengan menyalakan api unggul satu malam sebelum Holi digelar. Hari itu dikenal dengan nama Holika Dahan. Beberapa penganut agama Hindu kemudian mengumpulkan abu dan memaparkannya pada tubuh sebagai tanda penyucian.
Kemudian esok harinya berlangsung Rangwali Holi ketika sepanjang hari orang-orang melemparkan serbuk warna pada satu sama lain.
Tradisi melemparkan serbuk dan air berwarna ini diyakini bermula dari kisah cinta antara Krishna dan Radha.
Krishna, dewa pada agama Hindu yang digambarkan memiliki kulit berwarna biru gelap, diyakini pernah mengeluhkan kulit Radha yang berwarna terang pada ibunya.
Untuk meredakan kesedihan anaknya, ibu Krishna menyarankan ia mewarani kulit Radha dengan cat. Inilah awal mulanya kebiasaan memaparkan kulit orang-orang tercinta dengan serbuk warna di perayaan Holi.
Faisal Oddang writes fiction, poetry, and essays. Some of his books include Puya ke Puya, Manurung, Tiba Sebelum Berangkat, Sawerigading Datang dari Laut, and Raymond Carver Terkubur Mi Instan di Iowa. In addition to writing, Faisal also teaches at the Indonesian Literature Department of Universitas Hasanuddin and is actively involved with Kabisat Publishing. He was a curator for the 2022 & 2023 Makassar International Writers Festival and the Emerging Writers program of the 2024 Ubud Writers and Readers Festival. The awards and fellowships he has received include Kompas Best Short Story Writer in 2014 & 2018, 4th Winner of the Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition in 2014, ASEAN Young Writers Award 2014 from the Thai Government, Tempo Art Figure in 2015, Robert Bosch Stiftung Literarisches Colloquium Berlin in 2018, and International Writing Program USA in 2018. He was also a finalist of Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa 2018, a nominee for the Badan Bahasa Literary Award 2020, and the winner of the Sastrawan Muda Mastera award in 2023. As a writer, Faisal has been invited to various literary festivals and seminars, including the Iowa Book Festival 2018, London Book Fair 2019, Agor Drysau Festival 2019, Indonesian Cultural House Literary Meeting 2019, Ubud Writers and Readers Festival 2014, 2019, & 2023, Salihara International Literary Biennale 2015, Makassar International Writers Festival 2012-2023, Banggai Literary Festival 2018, Borobudur Writers and Cultural Festival 2018, and Rainy Day Literary Festival 2018.
Faisal Oddang menulis fiksi, puisi, dan esai. Beberapa bukunya antara lain Puya ke Puya, Manurung, Tiba Sebelum Berangkat, Sawerigading Datang dari Laut, dan Raymond Carver Terkubur Mi Instan di Iowa. Selain menulis, Faisal juga mengajar di Departemen Sastra Indonesia Universitas Hasanuddin, serta bergiat di Penerbit Kabisat. Ia merupakan kurator Makassar International Writers Festival 2022 & 2023, serta kurator Emerging Writers Ubud Writers and Readers Festival 2024. Penghargaan dan fellowship yang pernah ia terima mencakup Penulis Cerpen Terbaik Kompas 2014 & 2018, Pemenang IV Sayembara Novel Dewan Kesenian Jakarta 2014, Asean Young Writers Award 2014 dari Pemerintah Thailand, Tokoh Seni Tempo 2015, Robert Bosch Stiftung Literarisches Colloquium Berlin 2018, International Writing Program USA 2018, Finalis Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa 2018, Nomine Penghargaan Sastra Badan Bahasa 2020, dan Sastrawan Muda Majelis Sastra Asia Tenggara 2023. Sebagai penulis, Faisal telah diundang di berbagai festival dan seminar sastra, antara lain Iowa Book Festival 2018, London Book Fair 2019, Agor Drysau Festival 2019, Temu Sastra Rumah Budaya Indonesia 2019, Ubud Writers and Readers Festival 2014, 2019, & 2023, Salihara International Literary Biennalle 2015, Makassar International Writers Festival 2012-2023, Festival Sastra Banggai 2018, Borobudur Writers and Cultural Festival 2018, dan Rainy Day Literary Festival 2018.
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Is Mid-Autumn Festival a Public Holiday?
Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese calendar, which is in September or early October on the Gregorian calendar.
In the Chinese mainland, people usually have a three-day public holiday for Mid-Autumn Festival.
In Hong Kong and Macau, the day after the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself (unless that date falls on a Sunday, then Monday is also a holiday), because many celebration events are held at night.
In Singapore and Malaysia, the Mooncake Festival is not a public holiday officially. If you want to know more details about the date of Mid-Autumn Festival, click Mid-Autumn Festival 2025
